Cloud
Start With Visibility
You cannot optimize what you cannot measure. Implement Kubecost or cloud-native cost allocation tags before changing workloads.
Rightsizing and Autoscaling
Most clusters are over-provisioned. Use VPA recommendations, HPA for variable traffic, and cluster autoscaling for node efficiency.
Spot and Reserved Capacity
Mix spot instances for fault-tolerant workloads with reserved instances for baseline capacity — typical savings range from 30–60%.